Introduction In deciding on foreign diplomacy, reaching a consensus on the state interest is crucial. Institutional memory greatly influences foreign diplomacy in addition to the idea of national advantage (Palmer, 2022). George once declared that the US should have as little administrative relationship as manageable with other nations. Despite this,...
Introduction The new millennium was marked by dramatic changes for the countries of the Middle East. In different parts of the region, there is instability both within individual states and in relations between them. The system of international relations in the Middle East is in a state of transit, transitivity...
Summary Turkey is considered one of the most influential countries in its region, which is determined by many parameters. Primarily, it is necessary to emphasize the substantial area, population, and the country’s geographical location. With its territory in Asia and Europe, Turkey is developing under the influence of both continents....
Introduction The reparations of international conflicts, bloody aftermaths, and the fear of war have played a major role in shaping human history and establishing the peace that prevails in various regions today. However, some nations are still entangled in warfare due to conflicting interests and a struggle for power and...
Introduction Significant changes occur in the global power system, affecting practically all countries and having far-reaching geopolitical implications. Namely, renewables are an effective technological option for combating climate change worldwide. Since the Kyoto Protocol began functioning, and as concerns about preventing climate change have heated up, so has the demand...
Introduction The speech of the United Nations Secretary-General regarding the multipolarity of international relations can be perceived differently. Realism, in this case, is somewhat poorly suited to interpreting the general secretary’s notion. These words are best explained by the hegemonic stability theory (neoliberalism), which is the most optimal for creating...
Introduction The vast spectrum of community services provided by organizations across Australia is referred to as a civil society. According to Fitzgerald (2022), challenges in Australia-China relations were principally driven by Australian civil society advocacy for liberty and rights, culminating in Chinese espionage exposure. As a result of the China...
The Russian-Ukrainian conflict began in 2014 with the annexation of Crimea and military actions in Donbas. For eight years, this conflict had a local character, but on February 24, 2022, the Russian Federation began full-scale hostilities on the territory of Ukraine. The first war in Europe in almost 80 years...
Introduction President Nixon and Kissinger are prominent figures in the design and advancement of US foreign policy due to the implications of their actions on American relations with other nations, particularly the Middle East and China. Although Nixon and Kissinger were focused on reducing American entanglement in foreign affairs, they...
Executive Summary This foreign policy research analysis focuses on Kenya, one of the most prominent countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. The country has a land size of 569,251 square kilometers or roughly twice the size of Arizona State. According to the most recent estimates, some 55.8 million people inhabit Kenya (The...
The article’s main message is how the Israelites long for peace and have done all it takes to end the conflict. The substantive evidence provided in the article to show the Israeli’s point of view is the experience of the author as a youth who worked as a peace ambassador...
Introduction The United States’ foreign policy has advanced and taken many shapes since the nation gained its independence from the British Empire. Initially, the founding fathers believed that the US should not be involved in international affairs, thus encouraging isolation. However, preceding political views and movements established the US as...
Introduction The relationships between the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the United States of America (USA) deserve much attention because of these countries’ power and global domination. The rivalry between states as the primary actors of global politics is predetermined by their authority amount on the global stage (Murphy,...
The United States and Mexico have enjoyed rich diplomatic, economic, and cultural relations for over two centuries. However, the two countries fought sometimes over territories, migration, trade, and even drug wars. The Mexican-American War of 1846-1848 was the first armed clash that the United States fought in a foreign land....
Introduction The National Security and Defense Policy of the United States primarily revolves around the cooperation between the allied countries globally and the efforts to promote democracy in regions with other political regimes. This issue is particularly relevant in the Middle East, where countries such as Syria, Iraq, and South...
Since the reunification and until the modern days, Germany has encountered considerable tribulations. The country has gone through political, economical, social, and cultural changes influenced by the consequences of the World Wars (Orlow, 2018). Notably, Germany can be characterized by a tendency to “advance rapidly in some areas” but fall...
Annotated Bibliography Ahn, Taehyung. 2018. “Patience or Lethargy?: U.S. Policy toward North Korea under the Obama Administration.” North Korean Review, 8, no. 1: 67–83. Web. The source discusses the difference between diplomatic and political approaches in the US foreign policy approach to North Korea, particularly focusing on Obama’s administration stance...
Introduction Conflicts between countries happen for various reasons but affect numerous people. On February 24, 2022, Vladimir Putin invaded Ukraine, beginning Europe’s most extensive military mobilization since 1945 (Bilefsky et al., 2022). Putin’s war forces the deaths and sufferings of countless people and endangers the stabilization of the post-Soviet region...
Introduction In international relations of the world’s geopolitics, the security dilemma happens when the security of one state or country seems to compromise the security of another. In this case, the enhancement of security in one area seems to threaten the peace in the other area. For example, when one...
Introduction The Barbary Wars came at a time when the US had just fought civil wars and did not have sufficient resources to fund a war outside their national borders. Still, they hold a unique position in US history because they were both revolutionary and inevitable. The Barbary Wars, describing...
Asia News Monitor. “Vietnam/China: Vietnam Is Following China in its Economic Development”. Thai News Service Group, Web. The article compared the differences in economic development between Vietnam and China. The article defines that Vietnam follows the development of China with a decade lag (Asia News Monitor). The article illustrates the...
I was aware of the historical events associated with the satellite republics of the United States during the imperial-colonial period. However, for me, the knowledge that I received in this video was quite disturbing. The School of the Americas in Columbus trained students directly to mistreat civilians to suppress resistance....
Introduction The Arab-Israeli conflict extends over decades because there are numerous practical reasons that make an imminent solution unachievable. For instance, Stoessinger (2010) mentions that the political horizons in Israel and Palestine are almost diametrically opposite despite their geographical nearness. Thus, both parties are excessively worried about the counterpart being...
Security studies is an academic subset of the broader discipline of international relations. I think it should certainly be complemented by issues such as epidemics, environmental change, cybersecurity, and human rights. Pandemics, for example, cannot help but have an impact on international relations. According to such a theory of international...
Introduction The position of Russia in Eurasia has not changed much post-Cold War, which means that Russia remains a major player in the Eurasian geopolitics. However, it can be argued that the end of the Cold War ushered in an Era where Russia reduced its efforts in projecting its power...
Introduction Soft power is a country’s capability to influence the behaviors and preferences of other states or international communities through persuasion or attraction rather than the use of force. Soft power is a critical element in governance because it creates a positive image for a nation, positioning it in the...
Understanding the past helps society to realize and avoid mistakes in the future. Alas, the current military conflict between Ukraine and Russia has led civilization into a state similar to the Cold War. In the past, the tensions between the United States and the USSR led to both countries amassing...
Introduction When the Copenhagen Declaration of European Identity was adopted in 1973, the topic of a ‘European identity’ reached public debate for the very first time. The core principle in the Proclamation was the shared cultural and economic protectionism of the member states (Wierner, 2019). Consequently, the similarities served as...
Europe is one of the continents in the world, comprising 44 nations. Viewing Europe as 44 separate countries is the best way to understand the region rather than considering it as one content for various reasons. The first reason is that political systems or forms of government differ across the...
There is an argument that the Third World countries are not enjoying their sovereignty regime due to the interference by the Western countries. Instead of freedom being based on the idea of nations, it is now defined as freedom with little interference. The term later became the definition of decolonization...
Introduction Border control between Texas and Mexico is an issue that deserves excessive attention during the Trump-Clinton presidential race. The situation repeated itself during the next presidential elections, including in the campaign of Joe Biden. The coronavirus pandemic that began in February 2019 led to the implementation of Section 42,...
Introduction International relations (IR) is a discipline where the characteristics, qualities, causes, and outcomes of interactions between states are discussed from multiple perspectives. It is not enough to find solid explanations of national behaviors but to examine how different actors contribute to national and international security. Globalization has changed the...
Until the 1960s, China’s relationship with Qatar was rather limited because the latter did not have sovereignty at the time. Technically, the state was controlled by the United Kingdom, and its behavior at the time was perceived as pro-capitalist (Smith 1). However, after granting its independence in 1971, Qatar started...
Introduction The Kyoto Accord was adopted in 1997 in Japan in response to the global concerns about climate change. The accord was a multinational agreement targeted at reducing greenhouse gas emissions by industrialized countries. The Kyoto protocol suggested that industrialized countries had more greenhouse emissions than developing countries. Therefore, the...
The author explains the historical background against which the development of an international institutional framework for sustainable development occurred. He highlights the establishment of the Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) designed to implement the resolutions of the Rio Conference (Imber, 1996, p. 149). Its primary role is the formal coordination...
Combat Outpost Keating, located in the Nuristan Province, in the mountains of eastern Afghanistan, was attacked on October 3, 2009, killing eight brave American soldiers. The attack on COP Keating resulted in the Taliban suffering an estimated 150 killed. How did this bloody and brutal war begin? Let me take...
Introduction It is important to note that there are numerous examples of sovereign states violating human rights, treaties, and environmental regulations. The lack of accountability from such states is a result of the absence of superior authority in international relations. International institutions lack any form of power to ensure that...
In the 21st century, Russia faced a number of challenges and opportunities, yet the approach to them became strongly related to the support of the regime. The domestic context is crucial as the initial development was related to solving inner issues and stabilizing the economy (Rumer, 2007). Most challenges are...
In the current situation, Russia is using the absolute dependence of European countries on their energy resources, which is the main argument of EU countries to refuse to end the war by any possible means. There are many instances in history when a less powerful state has won through alternative...
Introduction Since their emergence in the 1940s, nuclear weapons have remained a crucial factor in international relations. With the end of the Cold War, the nations of the world began avoiding large-scale conflicts that could lead to the use of nuclear weapons. However, not all countries have been adhering to...
Introduction Modern international relations are being transformed, and these transformations directly affect the domestic and foreign policies of various states. There is also an influence on the individual, his worldview, the principles of interaction with other people, and, in general, on his entire life structure. Independent states develop by interacting...
Introduction In terms of geopolitical tension and mutual distrust, it is crucial for the United States and Russia to maintain strong political cooperation since their coordination is pivotal to worldwide security. International security in recent years faced critical challenges, including the “menace of terrorism, environmental challenges, or proliferation of nuclear...
Germany is Europe’s most developed country, which had an equivocal internal and foreign policy throughout its history. The state’s wise policy that corrected the labor market, modified taxation, and improved the security system, allowed it to reach leading positions among European economies, which was substantial progress since the two World...
Introduction Nuclear weapons occupy a peculiar position in the arsenals of modern nation-states – that is, the limited number of countries that actually have the capacity to develop, maintain and deliver them. On the one hand, they are one of the deadliest, most destructive, and least discriminating weapons at humanity’s...
On a domestic level of analysis, one would have to explain the current situation in Ukraine through the factors internal to the country’s political landscape. From a realist perspective, a domestic level analysis reveals that the Western and Russian support for different political forces in Ukraine led to the change...
After the First and the Second World Wars, many alliances and treaties were signed by different countries to not only safeguard global peace but also to suppress aggression that can lead to an outbreak of another war. Several international institutions were also formed to ensure that the interest of their...
Introduction After the terrorist attack of September 2001, the idyllic illusions were shattered, and John Mearsheimer’s book, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, took an opportunity to explain why these harmonious visions remain utopian. Mearsheimer makes a defensive case as to why the traditional pattern of rivalry is expected to...
Introduction The major objective of the Latin American Union is to promote, project, and protect the economic, cultural heritage, social development, and political stability of the member states. The members will abide by the agendas of the union and, thus, work towards achieving set goals for the well-being of the...
There are many reasons why it was almost impossible to prevent a conflict that has been brewing for many years. The war between Ukraine and Russia was fueled by the 2013 crisis when the then Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych rejected a deal to allow economic integration with the European Union....
NWICO is a concept the objective of which is to construct international communication relations on the principles of justice, democracy, and spirituality. All states should participate in exchanging information equally, rather than passively receiving news provided by the leading Western media. The initiators and foremost supporters of NWICO were Mexico,...
Introduction International relations are a combination of economic, political, legal, ideological, diplomatic, military, cultural, and other connections and relationships between actors operating on the world stage. Independent states do not develop in a vacuum; they interact with each other and act as the subjects of higher-level politics, meaning world policy....
As tension between American colonies and Britain heightened, a series of meetings led to the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1774, which marked the birth of the United States of America. However, the British did not acknowledge the Declaration and sent more soldiers to control the rebellion. As the...
The well-grounded and academic article by Allan, Vucetic, and Hopf (2018) published in International Organization deals with the idea of China’s hegemony that has become a topic of many discussions due to the state’s rise. In contrast to the majority of works that strive only to describe the future transition,...
This essay will evaluate the article on space exploration and Cold War geopolitics. Space and the Atom: On the Popular Geopolitics of Cold War Rocketry by MacDonald (2008) discusses the popular place of missile technology in the Cold War rather than on any technical or strategic aspects. The article analyzes...
Throughout history, people in various areas of the world have been facing diverse threats and forced to take certain actions for protection. However, some of those actions are debated by society, questioning their righteousness. One such example is operation Geronimo, which resulted in the death of Osama bin Laden and...
During the first phase, the HUMINT collector needs to focus on the specific information available about the source. The first section of research that collectors must be familiar with is an operations plan (OPLAN) or an operation order (OPORD). The crucial areas in the OPORD are task organization, situation, mission,...
The 1991 breakdown of the Soviet Union denoted the end of a bipolar political order that characterized the world from 1945. This political order was replaced by a global framework, majorly characterized by the hegemonic ascendance of the United States of America. In other terms, the U.S dominated the world...
Although after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic democratic institutions experienced two awful years, it is undeniable that “freedom is always better than unfreedom”. Western European democracies and the US promote the integral values of the modern world: inclusivity, tolerance, accountability of the state, and so forth. At the same...
Introduction The European Union (EU) is one of the most powerful entities in the political arena of the world. Since its inception, this institution has aimed at making European countries empowered economically and politically while making their citizens financially and socially secure (European Union, n. d.). Germany joined the EU...
The revolution started by Fidel Castro in 1959 has been the major cause of struggling terms between the United States and Cuba. Revolution marked the end of diplomacy between the USA and Cuba. The USA planned invasion and attacks on the rebels, which failed on all occasions. The continued attempts...
Israel’s path to cooperation with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization has not been an easy one as the nation could establish its Liaison Office at NATO’s headquarters only after the Turkish lift over a veto that lasted 6 years. Israel managed to sign a formal agreement with NATO in 2017....
Introduction The contemporary post colonial and largely globalizing world repeatedly faces conflicts in different regions and countries, which evolve based on political, social, and economic disagreements. There is not always a place for diplomacy in the relations between countries where military tensions are extensively utilized. The Russian Federation, France, and...
Continuing the discussion of Israel as the country of choice is of fundamental importance for a deeper critical analysis of the region. As noted earlier, Israel is an important strategic partner of NATO, from which it can be concluded that the country is of crucial importance to the European community....
International conflicts have different causes, which are not limited to opposing interests, abilities, and individual expectations. The debate on whether human behavior is the leading cause of war is a hypothesis that is hard to prove. Human behavior is not always associated with acts that disturb peace. For instance, humans...
Introduction The Middle East region can be described as the most volatile areas in the world as characterized by multiple geopolitical conflicts. The conflicts have often revolved around the relationship between Israel and her Arab neighbors. For example, a recent confrontation with Hamas in the Gaza Strip epitomizes decades of...
Nationalism was on the onset in Asia after World War I. Leaders such as Kemal Ataturk of Turkey and Ibn Saud found India was the product of nationalism. Ataturk succeeded in fighting the Islamic structure of the Monarchy and replaced it with a modernized republic in 1923. The demands for...
For many years, Japan and China have been known to be opposite to each other and have terms different from each other. However, the two countries do not allow their different views on politics and interaction to affect their economic progress negatively. They are always working closely to create space...
Introduction The global community is increasingly experiencing environmental, social, economic, and political challenges emanating from rapidly transforming societies (Khazaei, 2021). Countries such as the US are more exposed than before to external aggression from non-allied states such as North Korea, which continue to pose a significant nuclear threat. With continued...
The global environment is constantly changing, morphing into an increasingly complex international relations arena, which is hard for state and non-state actors to navigate. The age of using direct power is over as current challenges require governments to leverage more sophisticated strategies. One of them might lie in taking advantage...
“Some foreign publications have been critical of the United States’ failure to pay its U.N. membership fees. I believe that the United States is entirely justified in this. At least twice, the Soviets had withheld theirs when they did not approve of U.N. policies (peace actions in Egypt and what...
The description of international relations by Kenneth Waltz is perfectly illustrated in Thucydides’ The Melian Dialog. Kenneth Waltz and Thucydides describe the nature of relations between different states or nations. How states interact is founded upon various perspectives which depend on the leadership approach it adopts. However, majorly, there are...
International relations seem to be influenced by numerous factors. Among them, power distribution ranks highly because it is generally agreed that mighty states tend to lobby their national interests without taking into account the repercussions that developing countries may face because of their impact. The current situation in Afghanistan has...
This discussion post was truly a pleasure to read and find out a bit more about Turkey’s dual role as both a prominent NATO member and an influential player in the Middle East. However, I was a bit confused as to what three reasons prompted the choice of Turkey. From...
Many countries have heard about China and its international presence during the last several decades, including the COVID pandemic, conflict zones, and strategic interests. The society of this country has already undergone multiple structural transformations and opening-ups in its economic and political spheres. Liu recognized such changes as industrialization in...
The idea of international development as a means of strengthening cooperation between various countries and eliminating conflicts in the world has always stirred people’s imagination. Therefore, there are different opinions on how states interact. World War II put an end to the Idealist approach. Its gist lay in the idea...
In the article published on May 20, 2016, in The Fox News, James E. Fanell and Claudia Rosett discuss China’s misconduct in the South China Sea and propose the actions of the U.S. as a reply. Interception of Chinese jet fighters of a U.S. reconnaissance aircraft and sudden cancellation of...
Introduction The United States of America plays a significant role in international relations with all other countries around the globe; that’s why its foreign policy is of paramount importance for the country and its citizens. The geographical location of the US provides the opportunity to feed itself expeditiously and quickly...
EU legislation directly or indirectly impacts the laws of its member and becomes an integral part of each member’s legal system. Although, formally, Norway is not a member of the EU, the European Union largely determines the policy of the Norwegian state. Thus, being a member of the European Economic...
Introduction Like many other developed countries with stable economies, Canada practices humanitarian aid programs within the scope of its international policies to assist developing states. It has been inherent in the Canadian humanitarian assistance policies that the level of poverty in African countries should be reduced through the support of...
Introduction Relationships between the United States and Taiwan present a complicated and multidimensional phenomenon. Therefore, controversies of Taiwan and China raise a question concerning the possible intervention of the United States in a potential conflict and its readiness to act as an ally of the former. The survey shows the...
Introduction The article written by Cecil Rhodes in 1877 under the title “Confession of Faith” constitutes the beliefs and claims of the author in relation to colonialism and British imperialism. When analyzing this historical text, one should concentrate on the context in which it was created, the background of the...
Introduction The US is a global power that enjoys more significant political influence, innovation, economics, geopolitics, and military supremacy. During the civil war, the country had its interest only in the settlement of the West, industrialization, and domestic politics. However, today, the US uses its military, economic, and political power...
International community interventions in the conflicts that escalate tensions in a particular country, threatening the peace and well-being of the whole world, are not prohibited and are even approved by the ICC. However, historically, the international community did not manage to intervene in all the severe conflicts. Thus, in 1994...
Background The Israeli-Palestinian dispute is a conflict that has continued for almost a century now. It is rooted in the controversy over the holy land, which is significant to both parties’ religious facets and history, including Christians, Jews, and Muslims. In 1896, the publication of The Jewish State by Theodor...
The relationship between state and society in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) is constantly changing. Not only did they violate internal orders based on old social contracts, often exacerbating the impact of regional dynamics. There was an outbreak of widespread protests and social unrest that shook the Middle...
The role of discourse in international relations and foreign policy cannot be underestimated. Discourse can be “defined as a linguistic system produces meaning and identities as a precondition to actions” (“On the question of epistemology,” n.d., 4). In other words, it defines the possible meanings assigned to specific events at...
Impact of Relationships & Alliances Greetings, today I would like to examine the benefits of alliances between nations on the example of the China-Africa alliance. There are several key advantages that can be gained from such a relationship. By assisting African countries with their national defense forces, China stabilizes their...
Introduction Foreign aid is defined as any type of assistance that one country transfers to another voluntarily, usually in the form of a gift, grant, or loan. While capital is the most common form of aid, food, supplies, and services such as military or humanitarian assistance also fall in the...
Currently, scientific and technological progress determines the future of mankind. Discoveries are changing people’s lives and setting a higher bar for development for each generation. The boost of innovations, which started in the previous century, has contributed significantly to the improvement of numerous fields of activity. However, particular inventions are...
Introduction The People’s Republic of China’s (PRC) strategic presence and increasing capabilities in civil and military aspects are posed to challenge the United States hegemony. The country’s radical growth, significant technological innovation, and infrastructure development in virtually every element of vital economic, military, and intelligence competence has propelled China towards...
Introduction The Baltic Sea is affected by Russian pressure and control. Kaliningrad is the only European port free from ice in Russia. Russia has interfered with various interests in the Baltic area. For instance, Finland, Sweden, and Norway have accused Russia of blocking GPS signals in the North Atlantic Treaty...
China is rapidly investing in cooperative development within the international community. President Xi Jinping expressed his intentions to develop Chinese soft power. Since then, the efforts to increase China’s popularity and likeability have continued. For example, the country invested billions of dollars in developing the Belt and Road Initiative. It...
The state is fundamental to understanding international relations and is likely to remain so for a long time. The policies of a state are the most frequently analyzed since the state decides on war, trade, international agreements, and whether or not to abide by them. As a discipline, international relations...
Currently, the most severe crisis connected with the issue of refugees is the Syrian refugee crisis, fueled by the start of the Civil War in 2011. Thousands of people have fled the fighting to neighboring nations by May 2011, with countless more displaced within Syria. When troops invaded and fought...
Liberal internationalism is not the same as neoliberalism or market fundamentalism. The goal of liberal internationalism is to build an open world economy without negatively affecting social welfare and employment stability. Liberal internationalism, by definition, combines two somewhat different strands: liberalism and internationalism. Internationalism focuses more on ideas of world...
Introduction North Korea’s success in developing nuclear weapons is a serious international problem. Sanctions are being imposed to solve it, negotiations are being organized, and summits are being held, but it is impossible to get out of the Korean crisis. There are many jokes and anecdotes about this, one of...
Introduction At the current time, there are three countries with significant differences that all fit the role of the supreme leader. According to the theoretical concept of systemic wars, specific war cycles could predict the time of the next conflict. The conflict occurs as a result of collected tension, and...
Summary The United Arab Emirates hosts the first World Expo in the Middle East, South Asia, and Africa. The Dubai Expo 2020 aims to assemble various people, communities, and countries to foster relationships, inspire action, and provide answers to real-life problems (Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, 2019). The...
The Armenian-Azerbaijani Conflict The real-world problem that will be analyzed in this paper is the Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict. To discuss this problem, the postcolonialism theory will be applied to put the rivalry between the two countries in the context of their common Soviet past. The theoretical concept at the center of...
