Introduction Scenario Summary A Belgian company (BEL) appointed a UAE company (DUB) as its exclusive distributor of luxury watches in Italy. Their agreement was governed by Italian law, with disputes to be resolved in Antwerp, Belgium. BEL terminated the contract early and sued DUB in the Antwerp Commercial Court, claiming...
Basic Rules of Dispute Settlement in Traditional Public International Law Traditional international public law has several basic rules for settling disputes. First, states must use international law and principles, such as the right to territorial integrity or self-determination, to resolve disputes. Secondly, they must strive for peaceful dispute resolution through...
Introduction The use or threat of use of force in the international community is a controversial topic that can be reviewed from different perspectives. Its primary legal basis – the UN charter – stands against the use or threat of force. According to Article 2(4) of the United Nations Charter...
Introduction The end of the colonial era brought freedom and self-determination to nations. Consequently, the countries enjoyed sovereignty and non-interference from the international domain. As the nations enjoyed their self-rule, some heads of state and other officials committed atrocities with impunity as the judicial systems lacked independence. The atrocities committed...
Private international policy involves legal debate in global exchange which can be hampered by overt strategic considerations. Recognition of international law by district courts has been a topic of discussion for more than 400 years without any reasonable agreement so far (Curtis, 2020). Public policy considerations after Old Anglo-American rule...
Introduction Operation “Geronimo” has become one of the most famous military operations conducted in the US in recent times. It was carried out in order to eliminate the leader of the terrorist organization Al-Qaeda – Osama bin Laden. However, the question arose whether the President of the United States had...
Introduction The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), frequently referred to as the Iran nuclear accord, constitutes an obligatory pact that primarily fulfills two key objectives. It limits Iran’s nuclear capabilities and provides relief from economic sanctions. The United States is vested in ensuring the best possible results for its...
The twenty-year period between 1930 and 1950 was a crucial period for American foreign policy. During this period, the world economy recovered from a global economic depression, emerged from the world’s most destructive war, and witnessed the start of the Cold War between the US and the Soviet Union (Payne,...
Nagorno-Karabakh is the disputable territory between Armenia and Azerbaijan, and its political destiny is connected with the preservation of ethnonational principles of both sides of the conflict. The investigation focuses on the reasons causing the political and military tension. Understanding the reasons that led to the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and the...
Introduction International collaboration in military training with partner forces is crucial for improving operational cooperation globally and enhancing the capabilities of the US Army. Joint exercises on a large scale often involve the participation of various nations. Effective interaction is facilitated through simulation training, which helps military personnel to sharpen...
International Government Organizations (IGOs) are powerful organizations that are created by multiple countries and are governed by international law. They have a permanent structure and are designed to achieve specific goals that are outlined in their respective treaties. These organizations exist to promote global cooperation, peace, and stability and to...
Introduction Humans have used waterways for centuries, if not millennia. When travelling at sea, there are no roads, trails, or landmarks to use as guides, making it more difficult than travelling on land. Early explorers and sailors navigated coastal waters and entire ocean basins using various techniques. Navigation skills are...
Introduction The publicly traded Saudi Arabian oil and natural gas business Saudi Aramco is based in Dhahran, the capital of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It was one of the world’s most profitable companies in 2020. More than 270 billion barrels of known crude oil reserves are held by Saudi...
Introduction Kuwait is an Arab country that preaches Islam and obeys Sharia law. Even though tourism and the oil industry are developed in Kuwait, society remains largely traditional. Within the framework of Sharia, international law with a developed system of arbitration came to the territory of Kuwait. It gave rise...
Laws have been shown to be effective for the regulation of public and private life of the citizens of multiple countries for thousands of years. One reason for it might be the flexibility of legislations: they change over time to be applicable to the existing conditions and guide the people...
Osama bin Laden is widely known as a founder of one of the largest ultra-radical multinational terrorist organizations that unite militant Sunni Islamists, Al-Qaeda. The purpose of Al-Qaeda is to overthrow secular regimes in Islamic countries. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the European Union, more than 20 sovereign nations, and...
Terrorist attacks have greatly affected the foundations of great countries such as America. Many people have questioned whether the President had a legal authority to order the operation. President Obama acted right since terrorism compromised the security and well-being of Americans. Osama Bin Laden was one of the terrorists who...
Introduction Operation Geronimo was authorized by Barack Obama and aimed to neutralize Osama bin Laden at his compound in Pakistan on May 1, 2011. In the course of this operation, the leader of the terrorist group was killed, which is an object of legal controversy. From the perspective of domestic...
Introduction In May 2011, the then President of the United States, Barrack Obama announced to the whole world that the US had sanctioned an operation in Pakistan to capture or kill Osama bin Laden. Osama was a wanted fugitive throughout the world for charges against terrorism and other acts of...
Introduction International law is embedded in the key trends around which legal claims and discourses are established. Consent refers to the ability to voluntarily agree to a proposition outlined by another party. On the other hand, the law refers to the legal theory of positivism, holding the truth of legal...
Geronimo is a name of the operation by the US military, which aimed to destroy Osama bin Laden. He is a dangerous terrorist that founded and headed a terrorist organization called Al-Qaeda. After claiming responsibility for the September 11th attacks on America, bin Laden became a top priority target for...
Inquiry and Research Devi, S. (2021). Aid blocked as Tigray Faces Catastrophic Hunger. MashupMD. Web. The source explores the Tigray region of Ethiopia, where armed rebels and Eritrean soldiers are blocking the supply of humanitarian aid to locals affected by Ethiopia’s Tigray war. The text cements my concern on the...
Abstract In 2018, Canada became one of the first nations in the western hemisphere and the world in general to fully legalize the use of cannabis for both medicinal and recreational use. Historical accounts show that the Opium Act of 1908 was the first law that affected the use and...
Introduction Humanity has long learned how to judge individual villains, criminal gangs, and illegal armed groups. However, the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg was the first experience in the history of condemning crimes on a national scale. It was this trial that, for the first time, dealt with the ruling...
Weaknesses of the United Nations legal framework in the International Community Sovereign nations’ interactions with one another are governed by the legal framework established by the United Nations (UN). Recently, the body has been involved with human rights groups like the Red Cross and Save the Children Fund to ensure...
Operation Geronimo was conducted by the US Navy SEAL Team Six with the support of Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) operatives. It was executed on May 1, 2011, in Pakistan and led to the killing of the leader of Al-QAeda, Osama bin Laden (Wallace, 2012). Many people still argue about the...
The Operation Geronimo case has sparked widespread debate over the legality of the President’s authority to use military force. Osama bin Laden, the architect of the 9/11 attacks, was killed during Operation Geronimo, a military operation conducted by the US forces (Soherwordi & Khattak, 2020). However, the legitimacy of the...
Introduction For quite a long time, Osama bin Laden remained at large despite the vast number of charges against him. Even 25 million dollars for information about the whereabouts of the terrorist did not go to anyone. Many authorities, including American forces and the Pakistani CIA, worked on the capture....
First, understanding what immunity is included in the global strategy is essential. An exemption from legal duties, criminal prosecution, or penalty imposed by the law or public authority is known as immunity. Immunity is the ability to avoid the requirements of the law, a trial, or a punishment imposed by...
Background The association between the European (E.U.) Law and Member State (M.S.) laws has been underpinned by three Treaties that establish the E.U. Community. The Treaties, EURATOM, ECSC, and EEC, have been central in creating the features that govern the relationship between the two entities. They represent more than a classical...
Introduction On the 24th of February 2022, Russia started its invasion of Ukraine which has been described as a violation of the international law. Almost a week before that, the Russian parliament reached a decision to request their president to acknowledge two areas as independent nations governed by the Russian...
Two watershed events paved the way for the modern exploration of space. Sputnik’s successful launch in 1957 and Gagarin’s first human space exploration in 1961 represented the most iconic endeavors into the perfect void (Davidian, 2020). Space tourism is often praised as bringing a breakthrough in human access to the...
The United States military derived the name Geronimo from referring to the operation to kill Osama bin Laden, a wanted terrorist and founder of the Islamist military group, Al-Qaeda (Langman, 2021). The code was used in action to denote bin Laden and was overseen by President Barrack Obama. Subsequently, Geronimo...
Introduction Discussions regarding the actions and decisions of the U.S. government during the mission that led to bin Laden’s assassination were not entirely congratulatory. The actions of the U.S. troops on foreign soil have caused individuals and authorities to question the U.S. The serious doubts of Barack Obama regarding this...
Introduction Peacemaking refers to the processes followed to bring peace to people in inevitable disagreements for several reasons. First, these efforts can be put in place after several years of violence by the affected people or communities (Van Nieuwkerk, A., 2021). Successful peacemaking involves communities transitioning from fighting to a...
Introduction On March 11, 1957, Iranian military officer Qasem Soleimani was assassinated during a deliberate drone strike (Congressional Research Service, 2020). The event immediately attracted media attention and controversy around the world. Unlike usual assassinations, where the culprit remains unknown or debated, Soleimani’s assassination was publicly acknowledged by President Trump....
Facts The defendant, Alvarez, was kidnapped by Drug Enforcement Administration agents while working in his Mexican office. In the United States, a warrant for his arrest was issued for his alleged involvement in torture and murder of an officer affiliated to DEA. A motion to dismiss the indictment was filed...
Introduction The raid conducted by US Special Forces against Osama Bin Laden’s hideout in Pakistan on May 1, 2011, was dubbed Operation Geronimo. Osama Bin Laden was killed in an operation after many years of living as a fugitive. He was on the most wanted watch list of Americans after...
From the case study, it is apparent that it is Japan Airlines (JA) that issued an Air Waybill with clear information that the goods will be carried from Osaka to Taiwan on a JA flight and then to Melbourne on a Qantas flight. However, according to the Montreal Convention, the...
Introduction The US military carried out Operation Geronimo on the night of May 1-2, 2011 in the Pakistani city of Abbottabad. As a result of the actions of the special forces, the head of Al-Qaeda was killed. The operation to eliminate Osama bin Laden was scheduled for Sunday, May 1....
Sierra Leone used ‘blood diamonds’ because the country had a civil war from 1999 to 2001. There was illegal diamond mining; this money was used to buy weapons and sustain the war. The Revolutionary United Front controlled diamond mines in order to gain access to financing and constant support for...
The selected problem area is in the concept of state consent in international law, where the research topic will primarily focus on key issues in regards to the overall inefficiency of a complete consent of all parties in order to implement essential changes. The conventional approach in global law making...
In a civil procedure, the test used to establish which jurisdiction should be utilized to determine a specific legal issue or legal right is habitual residency. According to Dutta (2017), “the role and character of Private International Law has changed tremendously over the past decades” (p. 555). It can be...
There are about two hundred countries in the world, and in each of them, there is a regulator of public relations – law, with its own characteristics, due to factors inherent in a particular state. The relevance of studying different legal systems is due to the fact that as globalization...
Key Foundations of International Law International law, also known as the law of nations, is the collection of legal norms, principles, and rules, uniting different states, which are recognized as international actors, and regulating their relations. The idea of “developing international law through the restatement of existing rules or through...
The elimination of Osama bin Laden contains both positive and negative aspects. For American society and the political circles of the United States, this event was viewed primarily as retribution for the numerous victims of American citizens on September 11, 2001, and the armed forces in Afghanistan. For the Obama...
Introduction Operation Geronimo refers to a military raid by the United States forces on the compound where the leader of al-Qaeda was hiding. The operation resulted in the death of Osama bin Laden, which marked a milestone in the America-led War on terror. Although the operation was a success and...
Greetings Good afternoon dear listeners! The topic I want to present is the management of international disputes by Chinese and Australian law firms in connection with sustainable environmental practices in their organization in the next ten years. Introduction to the Subject The development of international law and international relations in...
Introduction Almarai is a Saudi-based company that mainly deals with agricultural products. Over the years, the company has seen its product range diversify to include such agricultural products as dairy liquids, foods, bakery treats, juices, poultry, yogurt and desserts, among others (Almarai para 2). In its quest to become a...
Introduction Under the provisions of international law, freedom of religion is taken as a fundamental human right that should not be taken from any individual under any circumstances unless resulting in threatening human life. Recently, violence sprang in Libya, which spread across several Arab countries over what protestors called ‘American...
Introduction It is often hard to prosecute crimes that involve international law as a result of the complex process that is involved. Many nations across the globe usually prosecute inchoate offences locally.However, there are certain circumstances where prosecuting inchoate offences locally is not possible and so, the international community is...
Introduction Arbitration as a concept is a term that largely identifies with legal systems and it varies across countries. These diversities reflect problems in the local environment and some cases stipulate different approaches to the entirely legal system. The legal system is comprised of civil law, common law, Islamic law,...
Introduction The purpose of this report is to discuss the dispute settlement process of the World Trade Organization (WTO), dispute settlement before the Uruguay Round, the position of developing countries under WTO dispute settlement, the current settlement process, and specific cases that take a long time to resolve under WTO...
Introduction To address the issue of whether killing Osama bin Laden by military forces of the United States of America was lawful under international law, it is important to address his death by drawing focus from international law. In fact, the death of Bin Laden has raised several strange legal...
Introduction International Constitutional Law (ICL) refers to the discipline of constitutions and unites features of public international law, legal theory, and constitutional law. The separation between international law and inland law is critical in the Anglo-American legal opinion. International law lacks any centralized administration or hierarchical court structure sanctioned to...
Introduction The United States of America took the initiative of detaining one of the Japanese citizens on claims that he had abused his wife. The diplomat was accused of abusing his wife physically. The wife reported him to the local law enforcement agency, which took the initiative of opening charges...
Introduction of jurisdiction concept Jurisdiction is one of the concepts that falls under judicial civil litigation system. Basically, jurisdiction is concerned with the court authority to hear a case relating to certain persons and activities (Engelen, 2008). From a broader perspective, it entails answering questions such as; which law to...
Introduction “In an age of globalization, issues relating to international business and law are of great importance to managers and business professionals around the world” (Gupta, 2008, p. 1). The above statement underscores the increasing importance of international business law in today’s business environment. The current business environment is intensely...
Examining the Issue of Enforceability in Regard to the Recognition of Authority One of the inherent problems in the enforceability of international and local mediation outcomes is the recognition of authority without prior precedent, consent or agreement between the interstate actors involved. This means that an outcome that has been...
A Directive by the European Union council is a binding legislative act addressed to a specific member state or states requiring them to achieve a certain goal. Once a member state adopts a directive there is a clear timetable that guides its implementation and the expected results. In this case two...
Introduction Regional trade agreements (RTAs) in the WTO regime are reciprocal trade agreements between two or more WTO members. RTAs started proliferating in the 1990s and so far about 511 notifications of RTAs have been received by the WTO as of January 2012. About 319 of them are believed to...
Article 12 (1) of the UNICITRAL Model law requires an arbitrator to disclose without delay any circumstances that are likely to give rise to justifiable doubts as to his/her impartiality or independence. This is an obligation that continues till the end of the entire arbitral proceedings. The practical difficulties arbitrators...
Introduction There is a settled law that no assets of foreigners can be expropriated by a country without sufficient compensation regardless of the purpose for which i.e. public purpose or otherwise, the assets are taken. Originally, until twenty-five years ago, disputes before courts and academic debates centred around standard compensation...
Introduction Since the mission statement of the Richmond International Airport is to “provide access to high-quality, safe air travel services for the citizens of Central Virginia and through its air travel and related facilities, to serve as the catalyst for economic development of the region” (n.d., para. 1), it is...
Introduction The world today that is divided into continents has been further split into territories that are under jurisdictions of authorities that run and manage the affairs of the specific territories. These territories are marked as states. The types of territorial rules differ from one state to the other depending...
Introduction The Arctic has some exceptional features. It is currently covered by ice that is significantly melting because of global warming. The Arctic is prone to environmental degradation. It is shared by several countries. Consequently, it is not surprising that a call for a new treaty regime for the Arctic...
The following essay is concerned with the European convention on human rights with special emphasis on Article 8 which is concerned with the privacy of individuals and family life. The essay tries to answer the question on the implications of Article 8 of the European Convention Human Rights for decisions...
Introduction Industrialized nations have constantly been pursuing different ways of existence in style particularly in the latest inventions and sciences, one of the sciences being biotechnology. Biotechnology is a recent type of science, which is less than 30 years old and is improving invention equally in manufacturing and farming in...
Introduction People are social beings, they live together in families, societies and a nation in general, and to live in harmony human beings have an obligation toward each other in the community. Governments acts as a central controlling power to the society,, it has to come up with policies and...
Introduction International Law has been described as “a body of rules which are legally binding on States in their intercourse with each other” (Oppenheim). International Law originated in Europe in the sixteen and seventeenth centuries and was created to govern the diplomatic, commercial, military, and other aspects of European society...
One of the chief goals of the EU is to achieve a single market where there will be free movement of merchandise within the member states. Free movement of goods will promote competition and result in price advantage and quality of the product to the EU consumers. There exist two...
Creating the single integrated market and ensuring the free movement of goods within its territory is one of the main objectives of the European Community (EU). Articles 34 – 37 TFEU (28 – 31 TEC) are a significant part of these strategies aimed at removing the non-fiscal barriers having a...
Introduction This case has since famously received the name of Van Gend en Loos. In the book by Hanson, this case represents a very essential ruling as related to the European Court of Justice. The importance of this case is emphasized by the fact that it set out that the...
Introduction European Convention on Human Rights The European Convention on Human Rights is a specific document which contains different articles that suggest human rights common for all countries of the European Union. This presupposes that national laws of the countries that belong to the European Union should be based or...
Introduction The Geneva Conventions are a set of treaties and protocols that were formulated in 1949 by the international community to make sure that humanity was respected during wars. The Geneva Conventions were a response to the great sufferings that people experienced during the Second World War. 59 states participated...
For almost two centuries, immigration issues have polarized American society. Five months ago, Arizona governor Jan Brewer signed the bill SB1070 (Support Our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighborhoods Act) into law. This law is designed to force illegal Mexican immigrants to leave Arizona. It requires police to ask the immigration...
Introduction The last quarter century has seen the United States leading other nations in developing space technology and exploration of outer space. The world’s superpower has played key role in the establishment of an international legal regime to promote the use of outer space for peaceful purposes and ensuring all...
International Law is a set of regulations that are supposed to minimize the number of conflicts between states and help countries achieve compromise through means of diplomacy. Its origins can be traced back to 1648 when the Treaty of Westphalia was conducted in response to a thirty-year war that devastated...
The use of force by is often justified as the ultimate measure against the scenarios that involve an immediate threat to the well-being of any of the parties involved, especially the victim or innocent bystanders. However, the problem of power abuse by the party that ostensibly uses it in self-defense...
Introduction To begin with it is necessary to mention that the International Law is aimed to restrict the use of force or the threat of force, still, there are laws, regulating the principles of fair war and the principles of self defense. The central point of dealing with international law...
Introduction Jus cogens is an international principle of public law that is generally accepted by the international community as a norm that cannot be terminated. Even though the majority of states currently admit the existence of peremptory law, its identification attracts particular attention from international judges, lawyers, and scholars. The...
Countries believe in the idea of state sovereignty where each country has the right to dictate on what goes on within its boundaries without interference from other countries. This notion has existed for a long time and is aimed at reducing incidences of countries fighting. Each country has the freedom...
Discussion The rapid expansion of global trade in recent times has made businesses to deal with the laws and customs of many states. Litigations at all times are costly everywhere, and quite often people doubt about fairness of legal rules and procedures exhibited in other countries. For this purpose therefore,...
Introduction Human trafficking is an international issue that has violated human rights. It entails human transportation from one location to the other without the victims’ knowledge for the purposes of exploitation in their destined country. This emerging world phenomenon is a gross violation of human rights comparable to modern slavery....
During the existence of international legal practice, there has been a plethora of disputes, opinions, and discussions regarding which source of international law is the main one – a treaty or custom. Many scholars and officials have stated that an international agreement should be in favor in this regard, claiming...
Outline This paper seeks to delve into the aspects of international law from the viewpoint of the lotus principle, instituted after the tragic collision of the SS Lotus of France and an ill-fated Turkish collier, Boz-Kourt way back in 1928. While enunciating the legal grounds for the court’s decision in...
Abstract Recently, terrorists have turned to oil rigs as their prime targets. The case of Nigeria’s pipeline explosions and offshore oil rig attack demonstrate this latest tactic of terrorists to wreak havoc on people and property. Despite the reducing number of victims involved in such attacks, State security continues to...
Introduction The UN Security Council is responsible for maintaining international peace and security in the world (Malone 2004). The composition of this most powerful organ of the united nations include five rich and influential countries in addition to ten other elected states with a term of two years which is...
Introduction Those who believe in international law have a negative response to the statement ‘there is no world government, there can be no International law, they believe international law exists.’ Concurrent sessions of this essay shall identify and analyze reasons that make International law believers emphasize having a world government....
International law preserve refer to three different legal disciplines. Public international Law. Private International Law. Supranational law or the Law of supranational organizations. Public international law Public international law is also known as international public law concerns the relationships between supreme ruler nations. This is developed mainly through involving more...
International legal issues of today relate to the idea of legal personality. These include international rights, legal capacities of states, non-state actors and transnational bodies. However, when we face these issues, different institutions provide diverse opinions on personality. These institutions consider various aspects related to the international person. In addition,...
Introduction History has seen numerous instances of systematic violations of human rights in certain countries and regions. Although widely condemned by the global community, it is rare that there are direct interventions to end human rights abuses due to the international legal concepts of sovereignty and self-determination. This paper will...
Introduction The debate regarding the future of more than 11.3 million undocumented immigrants who reside in the United States has dominated political, academic, social, and religious discourses for many years. Currently, there are more than 1.5 million undocumented immigrants from Asian countries. This debate has been intensified by the 2014...
Introduction International law refers to the law that operates between independent states and regulates the operations of many international organizations. The international agreements amongst states constitute the international law and its rules are binding to the signatories. The customary laws recognized by the international community forms one of the sources...
Introduction Immigration reform is a political discussion on how to change and improve the current condition of the immigration system. People relocate to the United States because of the promises of economic prosperity, freedom, and high quality of living. However, the current immigration system is ineffective and does not fulfill...
Introduction Public international law is comprised of rules and regulations that govern the relations between different countries, between countries and international organizations, and between countries and certain individuals (Botha, Ehrenbeck & Finney 2011). Public international law can be divided into five main categories: humanitarian law, international human rights law, international...
Introduction Human rights refer to basic privileges or freedoms that human beings are entitled to regardless of their sex, origin, economic status, social standing, race, or gender (Moriarty & Massa, 2012). These rights are based on the principle of respect for human beings and they are universal, inalienable, and inherent...
Introduction Customary international law is defined by Talmon as an aspect of the international law that is based on principles of customs. It is one of the primary sources of law used at the International Criminal Court and many other member states of the United Nations. It is often used...
The initial definition of international law had a limited list of subjects. Under the old definition, only the sovereign states were liable to be subject to international law policies. The internal political and geographical units, such as the states within the countries such as the United States, Canada, or Australia,...
