Archbold, C. A. (2021) Police accountability in the USA: Gaining traction or spinning wheels? Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 15(3), 1665-1683. Web.
Archbold (2021) assesses the current state of police accountability in the USA and makes it necessary to improve the safety of citizens. The author notes that over the past few years, the authorities have tried to increase police accountability at all levels by changing the organizational structure of the police, implementing civilian review boards, and providing additional training for officers. Moreover, many officers were equipped with body cameras to be able to present objective evidence in court if necessary. However, the development of police accountability today faces some obstacles. For example, Archbold (2021) notes that the lack of âbuy-inâ by police personnel, resources, and support from the federal government is the main reason for low police accountability.
This article is credible and reliable because it was published in a specialized publication known in policing. The author clearly stated the information and backed it with facts and statistics. However, some statistics are older than five years so that the data may be outdated. This article is helpful for my research because it contains the main ways police accountability and public safety are achieved and the main challenges to improving them.
Cuncic, A. (2023). Understanding what police brutality is and why it occurs. Verywell Mind. Web.
Cuncic (2023) analyzes the leading causes and forms of police brutality against citizens. Among the main reasons, the author highlights individual factors, such as the psychological state of a police officer, and factors at the organizational level, including an unfavorable working environment and the lack of established procedures and rules for acting in certain situations. Cuncic (2023) provides several examples of cases in which police brutality against African Americans resulted in the death of innocent people. Moreover, the author suggests several strategies for reducing violence, such as improving police recruitment practices, ensuring ongoing professional development, and accessing qualified psychological help.
This article is credible because it is case-based and fact-checked. As part of my essay, this source will help to understand the essential prerequisites and forms of police brutality. In addition, I plan to analyze how applying the strategies proposed in the article can effectively reduce police brutality.
Engel, R. S., McManus, H. D., & Isaza, G. T. (2020). Moving beyond âbest practiceâ: experiences in police reform and a call for evidence to reduce officer-involved shootings. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science (AAPSS), 687(1), 146â165. Web.
Based on real cases, Engel et al. (2020) analyze strategies to reduce the number of officer-involved shootings. The authors found that the main trends in cases of police brutality are the location of the incident in small jurisdictions with a small number of residents, the prevalence of firearms, and increased risks of police violence for black citizens. According to Engel et al. (2020), evidence-based policing is a crucial way to reduce police brutality and treat citizens fairly. This approach includes body-worn cameras, use-of-force and de-escalation policies and training, implicit bias training, an early intervention system, and civilian oversight.
This article is a trusted source published in a credible publication. The authors analyze one of the forms of police brutality – officer-involved shootings, which makes their analysis more highly specialized and accurate. The source contains essential information for my research, including the use of evidence-based practices to prevent police brutality. Moreover, by combining the information in this article with other references, I plan to evaluate how reforms in the law enforcement system have helped to reduce the level of police brutality.
GBD 2019 Police Violence US Subnational Collaborators. (2021). Fatal police violence by race and state in the USA, 1980â2019: a network meta-regression. The Lancet, 398(10307), 1239â1255. Web.
This reference provides statistics regarding the race, ethnicity, state, age, and gender of people who have been victims of police violence. By combining data from the USA National Vital Statistics System with information from three other databases, the authors assembled an expanded database of people who died due to police brutality. The final report included 30,800 police deaths from 1980 to 2018. The authors found that African Americans and other people of color are most often the victims of police misconduct. Moreover, according to the authors, the National Statistics contains significantly fewer records of police brutality leading to death and tends to hide the details of the incident.
This credible source contains reliable information from the National and non-government databases that track vital statistics in the US. The information provided in the reference will help me better understand the significant trends in police brutality and the demographics of people who become victims. Based on this information, it will be possible to identify the primary triggers that cause police brutality, which will help identify problems in the law enforcement system and ways to solve them.
Zimring, F. E. (2020). Police killings as a problem of governance. The ANNALS of the AAPSS, 687(1), 114â123. Web.
Zimring (2020) evaluates the mistakes made by the government in the legislation that do not allow for reducing the level of police killing. One of the reasons for the increased number of murders by the US police compared to other countries is the increased risk of attacks by civilians on the police. In addition, Zimring (2020) argues that investigations into police brutality often drag on for long periods, and police officers may eventually be acquitted, demonstrating impunity. Another reason, according to the author, is the organizational and managerial problems of the police, due to which officers often act according to their judgment, which increases the frequency of using weapons. Therefore, the author proposes possible solutions to this situation, which include assessing the police’s competence, improving the control of the officers’ actions, and setting federal standards for investigating and evaluating cases of police brutality.
This credible and reliable source was written by a law professor with relevant experience and expertise in the field. The article also provides an in-depth analysis of governmental errors that make reducing the number of police killings impossible. As part of my research, this article will be helpful as it expands the understanding of the causes of police brutality and suggests ways to solve this problem.